Sociodemographic information of the informants
Put collectively, the information assist the idea that older generations are the primary custodians of the data of people drugs and are extra taken with conventional drugs observe in contrast with the youthful generations. This improvement presents an infinite menace to the sustainable retention, switch and enhancement of current data about using indigenous crops for folks drugs since it might finally be misplaced following the demise of older technology. A attainable purpose for decrease data amongst younger informants might be because of their restricted curiosity in herbalism on account of modifications in way of life which might be influenced by fast sociocultural transformation, marked by industrialisation and modernisation. Additionally, as a result of growing literacy stage, conventional drugs observe is changing into unpopular and unattractive to youthful generations as such, they don’t take note of the data of utilizing medicinal crops as sources of remedy.
Documented medicinal plant species used for malaria remedy in Kwara State and their taxonomy
Ethnobotanical information together with use experiences, quotation frequency and conservation standing of the recognized indigenous medicinal crops
1. |
Mongoro |
Frequent Indian mango |
Mangifera indica Linn (FHI 109451) |
Anacardiaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, root, leaves |
27 |
77.14 |
DD |
2. |
Awopa or Dokita igbo |
African yellow wooden |
Enantia chlorantha Oliv (FHI 109950) |
Annonaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, root, leaves |
23 |
65.71 |
NE |
3. |
Ahun |
Stool wooden, Sample wooden |
Alstonia boonei De Wild (FHI 107254) |
Apocynaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, root |
20 |
57.14 |
LC |
4. |
Ewe tii |
Lemon grass |
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (FHI 605214) |
Poaceae |
Grass |
Leaves |
19 |
54.29 |
NE |
5. |
Egbesi |
African peach |
Nauclea latifolia Sm (FHI 112779) |
Rubiaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, root, leaves |
15 |
42.86 |
LC |
6. |
Oruwo |
Brimstone tree |
Morinda lucida Benth (FHI 106992) |
Rubiaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, root, leaves |
10 |
28.57 |
LC |
7. |
Ibepe |
Pawpaw |
Carica papaya Linn (FHI 109462) |
Caricaceae |
Tree |
Leaves, Unripe fruit |
9 |
25.71 |
DD |
8. |
Kasu |
Cashew |
Anacardium occidentale Linn (FHI 109858) |
Anacardiaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, root, leaves |
9 |
25.71 |
LC |
9. |
Aganwo or Oganwo |
African mahogany |
Khaya ivorensis A. Chev (FHI 56845) |
Meliaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
9 |
25.71 |
VU |
10. |
Boonii |
Gum Arabic tree |
Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile (FHI 108425) |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, leaves |
8 |
22.86 |
LC |
11. |
Amuje wewe or Kanti-kanti |
Crimson thyme |
Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum. & Thonn (FHI 112950) |
Connaraceae |
Shrub |
Stem bark |
6 |
17.14 |
LC |
12. |
Epoara |
Sleeping morning |
Waltheria indica Linn (FHI 92465) |
Malvaceae |
Shrub |
Stem bark, leaves |
6 |
17.14 |
NE |
13. |
Koko |
Cocoa |
Theobroma cacao Linn (FHI 700314) |
Sterculiaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
6 |
17.14 |
NE |
14. |
Laali (Yoruba), Lǎli (Nupe) |
Henna tree |
Lawsonia inermis Linn (FHI 702616) |
Lythraceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
5 |
14.29 |
LC |
15. |
Akerejupon or Ajo |
Sphenocentrum |
Sphenocentrum jollyanum Pierre (FHI 108283) |
Menispermaceae |
Shrub |
Root, leaves |
5 |
14.29 |
NE |
16. |
Osan wewe |
Lime |
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle (FHI 110009) |
Rutaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, leaves |
5 |
14.29 |
NE |
17. |
Ayin |
African birch |
Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr (FHI 107122) |
Combretaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, root, leaves |
4 |
11.43 |
NE |
18. |
Idi |
Tropical carpet grass |
Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P.Beauv (FHI 109977) |
Poaceae |
Grass |
Leaves |
4 |
11.43 |
LC |
19. |
Osan-laimu or Osan agan |
Lemon |
Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (FHI 110008) |
Rutaceae |
Tree |
Fruit |
4 |
11.43 |
LC |
20. |
Ponhan |
Crimson iron wooden |
Lophira alata Banks ex Gaertn (FHI 109820) |
Ochnaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
4 |
11.43 |
VU |
21. |
Dongoyaro |
Neem |
Azadirachta indica A.Juss (FHI 112927) |
Meliaceae |
Tree |
Root, leaves |
4 |
11.43 |
LC |
22. |
Owu or Owu akese (Yoruba), Lulu fùkà (Nupe) |
Cotton plant |
Gossypium barbadense Linn (FHI 107327) |
Malvaceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
4 |
11.43 |
NE |
23. |
Karandafi or Poroporo |
Crimson sorghum |
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (FHI 109659) |
Poaceae |
Grass |
Leaves, root |
4 |
11.43 |
LC |
24. |
Okuuku |
Big rattan |
Ancistrophyllum secundiflorum (P.Beauv.) G.Mann & H.Wendl (FHI 50908) |
Arecaceae |
Climber |
Stem bark |
3 |
8.57 |
NE |
25. |
June 12 |
Tree marigold or Mexican sunflower |
Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Grey (FHI 108055) |
Asteraceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
3 |
8.57 |
NE |
26. |
Emi |
Shea tree |
Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn (FHI 107924) |
Sapotaceae |
Tree |
Root, leaves |
3 |
8.57 |
VU |
27. |
Ataile |
Ginger |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (FHI 107935) |
Zingiberaceae |
Herb |
Rhizome |
3 |
8.57 |
DD |
28. |
Pandoro |
Sausage tree |
Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth (FHI 107654) |
Bignoniaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, fruits |
3 |
8.57 |
LC |
29. |
Arunje |
Dragon’s blood tree |
Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir (FHI 107392) |
Hypericaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, leaves |
2 |
5.71 |
LC |
30. |
Gilofa or Gurofa |
Guava |
Psidium guajava Linn (FHI 110937) |
Myrtaceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
2 |
5.71 |
LC |
31. |
Emi gbegiri or Akodinrin |
Dry-zone cedar |
Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms (FHI 106873) |
Meliaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
2 |
5.71 |
LC |
32. |
Ọpẹ oyinbo |
Pineapple |
Ananas comosus (L.) Merr (FHI 58509) |
Bromeliaceae |
Shrub |
Peel |
2 |
5.71 |
NE |
33. |
Tude |
Powder puff |
Calliandra haematocephala Hassk (FHI 45788) |
Fabaceae |
Shrub |
Root |
2 |
5.71 |
NE |
34. |
Efirin |
Scent basil |
Ocimum gratissimum Linn (FHI 111995) |
Lamiaceae |
Herb |
Leaves |
2 |
5.71 |
NE |
35. |
Ewuro |
Bitter leaf |
Vernonia amygdalina Delile (FHI 112924) |
Asteraceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
2 |
5.71 |
NE |
36. |
Ayan |
African mesquite |
Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub (FHI 112370) |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Leaves, root |
2 |
5.71 |
LC |
37. |
Mafowokan omomi or Ahon ekun |
Mountain Thistle |
Acanthus montanus (Nees) T. Anderson (FHI 107529) |
Acanthaceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
38. |
Akogun (Yoruba), Kwagũ̀gi (Nupe) |
Dutchman’s pipe |
Aristolochia ringens Vahl (FHI 112929) |
Aristolochiaceae |
Climber |
Root |
1 |
2.86 |
NE |
39. |
Gbere (Nupe) |
Breadfruit |
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (FHI 110483) |
Moraceae |
Tree |
Root |
1 |
2.86 |
NE |
40. |
Orombo |
Candy orange |
Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (FHI 108811) |
Rutaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark, leaves |
1 |
2.86 |
NE |
41. |
Agbon |
Coconut palm |
Cocos nucifera Linn (FHI 109665) |
Arecaceae |
Tree |
Husk |
1 |
2.86 |
NE |
42. |
Ataile pupa |
Turmeric |
Curcuma longa Linn (FHI 106920) |
Zingiberaceae |
Herb |
Rhizome |
1 |
2.86 |
DD |
43. |
Iya |
African copaiba balsam tree |
Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel (FHI 36952) |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
44. |
Igbaluwere or Ogurobe |
Splinter bean |
Entada africana Guill. & Perr (NIPRD/H/6412) |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
45. |
Ipin |
Sandpaper |
Ficus exasperata Vahl (FHI 109550) |
Moraceae |
Tree |
Leaves |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
46. |
Obo |
Gutta percha tree |
Ficus platyphylla Del. Holl (FHI 78251) |
Moraceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
47. |
Orogbo |
Bitter kola |
Garcinia kola Heckel (FHI 109481) |
Clusiaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
1 |
2.86 |
VU |
48. |
Lapalapa funfun |
Bubble bush |
Jatropha curcas Linn (FHI 109020) |
Euphorbiaceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
49. |
Ogbesi |
Pheasant-berry |
Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G.L. Webster (FHI 43971) |
Phyllanthaceae |
Tree |
Root |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
50. |
Ogede agbagba |
Banana |
Musa paradisiaca Linn (FHI 110122) |
Musaceae |
Herb |
Leaves |
1 |
2.86 |
NE |
51. |
Ogbo |
African Parquetina |
Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock (FHI 110044) |
Apocynaceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
1 |
2.86 |
NE |
52. |
Nla |
Avocado |
Persea americana Mill (FHI 109444) |
Lauraceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
53. |
Abafe |
Wild bauhinia |
Piliostigma thonningii (Schum.) Milne-Redh (FHI 107815) |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
1 |
2.86 |
NE |
54. |
Iyere |
Climbing black pepper |
Piper guineense Schum. & Thonn (FHI 112922) |
Piperaceae |
Climber |
Fruit |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
55. |
Sigo |
Elephant’s sugarcane |
Cussonia barteri Hochst. Ex A. Wealthy (UBHdt/SN/173) |
Araliaceae |
Tree |
Leaves |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
56. |
Jelenubenu (Yoruba), Gayà ebá (Nupe) |
Espresso senna or septic weed |
Senna occidentalis (L.) Hyperlink (FHI 109866) |
Fabaceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
57. |
Ajarere |
Podocarpa leaf |
Senna podocarpa (Guill. & Perr.) Lock (FHI 109903) |
Fabaceae |
Shrub |
Leaves |
1 |
2.86 |
NE |
58. |
Isekotu (Yoruba), Sàngi yèkó (Nupe) |
Frequent wireweed |
Sida acuta Burm.f (FHI 112276) |
Malvaceae |
Weed |
Leaves |
1 |
2.86 |
NE |
59. |
Opon |
Cup of water |
Tetracera potatoria Afzel. ex G. Don (FHI 105782) |
Dilleniaceae |
Climber |
Stem bark |
1 |
2.86 |
NE |
60. |
Aridan/Aidan |
Soup fragrance |
Tetrapleura tetraptera (Schum. & Thonn.) Taub (FHI 110141) |
Fabaceae |
Tree |
Fruit |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
61. |
Eeru alamo |
Ethiopian or Negro pepper |
Xylopia aethiopica (Dunal) A. Wealthy (FHI 108978) |
Annonaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
62. |
Orin ata |
Senegal prickly-ash |
Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Lam.) Zepern. & Timler (NIPRD/H/7101) |
Rutaceae |
Tree |
Stem bark |
1 |
2.86 |
LC |
Behavior of crops utilised for malaria remedy among the many informants
Elements of the medicinal crops used for preparation of natural drugs for malaria remedy
Conventional malaria drugs recipes, modes of preparation, routes of administration and length of remedy
Pharmacological relevance of the extracts and phytocompounds remoted from the recognized crops
Scientific analysis of the antimalarial properties of the recognized medicinal crops and their phytocompounds
1. |
E. chlorantha |
Stem bark |
Ethanol, water, methanol, dichloromethane, hexane |
In vitro Boyom et al. [112]
Superb to average exercise P. falciparum W2 pressure |
0.68–14.72 µg/ml IC50 |
Jatrorrhizine, palmatine and berberine In vitro and in vivo [113]
|
2. |
A. indica |
Leaf Stem bark |
Hydroethanol Dichloromethane |
Suppression of 49.75 ± 3.64 to 69.28 ± 1.36% towards P. berghei NK65 at 75–300 mg/kg Superb exercise towards P. falciparum W2 pressure |
4.7 µg/ml IC50 |
Nimbolide In vitro and in vivo [116]
Gedunin Azadirachtin |
3. |
M. indica |
Stem bark |
Ethanol |
Suppression of 76.9 ± 0.02% towards P. berghei NK65 pressure at 1,000 mg/kg |
||
4. |
M. lucida |
Leaf Root Leaf |
Hydroethanol (50:50) Aqueous Methanol |
Suppression of 96.24% at 200 and 400 mg/kg Suppression of 60.9 ± 0.01% towards P. berghei NK65 pressure at 1,200 mg/kg Wonderful exercise towards P. falciparum |
25 nM IC50 |
Digitolutein, rubiadin 1-methyl ether and damnacanthal Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid In vitro and in vivo [123]
|
5. |
X. aethiopica |
Seed |
Aqueous |
Reasonable exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 pressure |
14 µg/ml IC50 |
Xylopic acid |
6. |
A. occidentale |
Apple |
Ethanol |
Poor exercise towards P. falciparum D6 pressure |
0.577 g/ml IC50 |
Anacardic acid Cardol triene 1 and 2-methylcardol triene 4 |
7. |
C. limon |
Leaf |
Dichloromethane |
Good exercise towards P. falciparum D10 pressure |
5.0 µg/ml IC50 |
|
8. |
C. citratus |
Leaf |
Dried and floor into powder |
Suppression impact of 99.89% at 1,600 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA |
||
9. |
L. inermis |
Leaf |
Dichloromethane:methanol (1:1) |
Suppression impact of 68.20% at 250 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA pressure |
||
10. |
A. boonei |
Leaf Stem bark |
Ethanol Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 74.9% at 400 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 pressure Suppression impact of 75% at 400 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 pressure |
||
11. |
N. latifolia |
Leaf |
Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 60.63% at 500 mg/kg towards P. berghei |
||
12. |
A. altilis |
Leaf and stem bark |
Ethanol |
In vivo and in vitro [133]
Very energetic towards P. berghei ANKA at ED50 worth of 0.82 mg/kg Superb exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 pressure |
1.32 μg/ml IC50 |
1-(2,4-dihydroxy phenyl)-3-[8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-5-yl]-1-propanone |
13. |
C. papaya |
Leaf Leaf |
n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane Ethyl acetate |
Superb to average exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 and Dd2 strains Superb exercise towards P. falciparum D10 pressure |
1.52–20.32 g/ml IC50 2.96 µg/ml IC50 |
Carpaine Linoleic and linolenic acids |
14. |
C. longa |
Leaf |
Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 78.4% at 400 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 pressure |
||
15. |
V. amygdalina |
Leaf Leaf Leaf |
Ethanol Ethanol Aqueous |
In vitro and in vivo [137]
Good exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 Suppression of 82.3% at 1,000 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA Suppression of 67% at 1,000 mg/kg towards P. berghei Suppression of 63% at 125 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA |
9.83 µg/ml IC50 |
Vernonioside A1, A2, A3, A4, B1, vernodalin, vernodalol, vernolide and hydroxyvernolide |
16. |
T. cacao |
Leaf |
Aqueous |
Suppression impact of 79.19% at 400 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA pressure |
||
17. |
L. alata |
Leaf |
Hexane |
In vitro and in vivo [142]
Superb exercise towards P. falciparum NF54 and K1 strains Suppression impact of 74.45% at 500 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 |
2.5 µg/ml IC50 |
|
18. |
C. nucifera |
Husk fibre |
Ethyl acetate |
In vitro and in vivo [143]
Good exercise towards P. falciparum W2 pressure Suppression impact of 98.6% at 125 mg/Kg towards P. berghei NK65 |
10.94 μg/ml IC50 |
|
19. |
H. madagascariensis |
Leaf Stem bark |
Methanol Ethanol |
Weak exercise towards P. falciparum D6 pressure In vitro and in vivo [145]
Poor exercise towards P. falciparum Suppression of 28.6–44.8% at 20–80 mg/kg towards P. yoelii nigeriensis N67 pressure |
39.07 ± 1.57 μg/ml 0.052–0.517 g/ml IC50 |
Bazouanthrone, feruginin, harunganin, harunganol A and harunganol B |
20. |
Okay. africana |
Leaf, root, stem bark and fruit Stem bark |
n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and methanol Ethyl Acetate |
Suppression impact of 70.33- 84.73% at 500 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 Reasonable exercise towards P. falciparum W2 pressure |
11.15 μg/ml IC50 |
p-hydroxycinnamic acid, specicoside, 2β,3β,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en28-oic acid and atranorin |
21. |
S. acuta |
Leaf Leaf |
Methanol Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 64.64% at 600 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK 65 pressure Suppression impact of 97.38% at 600 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA-65 pressure |
Cryptolepine |
|
22. |
Z. zanthoxyloides |
Leaf Root |
Methanol Aqueous |
Suppression impact of 95.95% at 600 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA-65 pressure Superb exercise towards P. falciparum pressure 3D7 |
4.9 μg/mL IC50 |
Fagaronine |
23. |
T. diversifolia |
Aerial half |
Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 82.55% at 400 mg/kg towards P. berghei var Anka 1 pressure |
Tagitinin C |
|
24. |
G. kola |
Stem bark Seed |
Ethanol and petroleum ether n-Hexane, dichloromethane and methanol |
Superb exercise towards P. falciparum In vivo and in vitro [158]
Reasonable exercise towards P. falciparum D10 pressure |
< 3 µg/ml IC50 10.59–25.65 µg/mL IC50 |
Kolaviron I-4′,II-4′,I-5,II-5,I-7,II-7-hexahydroxy-I-3,II-8-biflavanone, II-3,I-4′,II-4’,I-5,II-5,I-7,II-7-heptahydroxy-I-3,II8-biflavanone and II-3, 3′,I-4′,II-4′,I-5,II-5,I-7, II-7-octahydroxy-I-3,II-8-biflavanone In vitro and in vivo [160]
|
25. |
C. aurantifolia |
Leaf |
Methanol |
Suppression impact of 75.66% at 320 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 pressure |
||
26. |
P. guajava |
Leaf Leaf |
Ethanol Aqueous |
Suppression impact of 58.9 and 67.4% at 600 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA pressure and P. chabaudi chabaudi Good exercise towards P. falciparum K1 pressure |
5.46 µg/ml IC50 |
|
27. |
Okay. ivorensis |
Stem bark |
Aqueous |
Suppression impact of 35.5% at 400 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA pressure |
||
28. |
A. nilotica |
Leaf, pods and bark Twigs |
Hydroethanol Dichloromethane/ methanol |
Superb exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 pressure Reasonable exercise towards P. falciparum D10 pressure |
1.29, 4.16 and 4.28 μg/ml IC50 13 µg/ml IC50 |
|
29. |
B. coccineus |
Leaf |
Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 92.3% at 400 mg/kg towards P. berghei berghei |
||
30. |
W. indica |
Aerial elements |
Aqueous and dichloromethanol:methanol (1:1) |
Poor exercise towards P. falciparum D10 pressure |
> 100 μg/ml IC50 |
|
31. |
A. leiocarpus |
Stem bark |
Methanol, water, butanol and ethyl acetate |
Good to average exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 and K1 |
10.94–13.77 µg/ml IC50 |
Castalagin, ellagic acid, flavogallonic acid and punicalagin |
32. |
A. compressus |
Leaf |
Aqueous |
Suppression impact of 85.7% at 62.5 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 |
||
33. |
V. paradoxa |
Leaves and stem bark Stem bark |
70% aqueous methanol Dichloromethane |
Weak to very weak exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 pressure Weak exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 pressure |
39 and 66 µg/ml IC50 43.94 ± 13.44 µg/ml IC50 |
|
34. |
Z. officinale |
Root |
Hydromethanol |
Suppression impact of 32.83 ± 1.03% at 1000 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA pressure |
||
35. |
P. kotschyi |
Leaf |
Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 90% at 400 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 pressure |
Kotschyins A-C, 7-deacetylgedunin and 7-deacetyl-7-oxogedunin |
|
36. |
A. comosus |
Leaf |
Ethanol |
Very weak exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 and INDO strains |
> 100 µg/ml IC50 |
|
37. |
P. americana |
Leaf |
Methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous |
Suppression impact of 55.00 ± 0.06 to 64.01 ± 0.08% at 200–400 mg/kg towards P. berghei |
1, 2, 4-trihydroxyheptadec-16-ene and 1, 2, 4, 15-tetrahydroxyheptadecane-6, 16-diene |
|
38. |
O. gratissimum |
Contemporary leaf Leaf Leaf and twig Leaf |
Aqueous (Hydrodistillation) Aqueous Dichloromethane Methanol |
Suppression impact of 77.8% at 500 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA pressure Good exercise towards P. falciparum K1 pressure Good exercise towards P. falciparum D6 and W2 strains Good exercise towards P. falciparum D6 and W2 strains |
7.25 µg/ml IC50 8.616 µg/ml IC50 5.9 µg/ml IC50 |
|
39. |
P. africana |
Stem bark |
Methanol, aqueous, butanol and ethyl acetate |
Reasonable exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 and K1 |
14.97–15.28 µg/ml IC50 |
|
40. |
C. sinensis |
Stem Rind of ripe fruit |
Ethanol Petroleum ether and methanol |
Suppression impact of 53.27% at 700 mg/kg towards P. berghei ANKA pressure Very weak exercise towards P. falciparum FCK 2 pressure |
51.06–53.61 µg/ml IC50 |
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41. |
D. oliveri |
Leaf Stem bark |
Methanol Methanol, aqueous, butanol and ethyl acetate |
Suppression impact of 87% at 700 mg/kg towards P. berghei Weak exercise towards P. falciparum 3D7 and K1 strains |
23.14–32.97 µg/ml IC50 |
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42. |
F. exasperata |
Leaf |
Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 82% at 400 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 pressure |
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43. |
F. platyphylla |
Stem bark |
Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 43.50% at 300 mg/kg towards P. berghei |
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44. |
J. curcas |
Leaf |
Ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol |
Good to average exercise towards P. falciparum K1 and NF54 strains |
2.39 ± 0.54- 31.09 ± 4.36 µg/ml IC50 |
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45. |
M. discoidea |
Leaf |
Aqueous, ethanol and methanol |
Reasonable to weak exercise towards P. falciparum K1 and NF54 strains |
13.60 ± 1.80- 43.61 ± 0.92 µg/ml IC50 |
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46. |
P. nigrescens |
Leaf |
Aqueous |
Suppression impact of 86% at 150 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 |
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47. |
P. thonningii |
Leaf |
Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 91.94% at 400 mg/kg towards P. berghei NK65 |
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48. |
P. guineense |
Leaf |
Ethanol |
Suppression impact of 62.69% at 600 mg/kg towards P. berghei |
Phytocompounds with antimalarial actions remoted from a number of the indigenous medicinal crops used for malaria remedy
1. |
A. occidentale |
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2-methylcardol triene 4 [126]
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2. |
A. indica |
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3. |
C. papaya |
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4. |
E. chlorantha |
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5. |
M. lucida |
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Rubiadin 1-methyl ether [122]
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6. |
P. americana |
1, 2, 4-trihydroxyheptadec-16-ene [177]
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1, 2, 4, 15-tetrahydroxyheptadecane-6, 16-diene [177]
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7. |
V. amygdalina |
Vernonioside A1: R1 = beta-OH, R2 = H [140]
Vernonioside A2: R1 = alpha-OH, R2 = H [140]
Vernonioside A3: R1 = O, R2 = H [140]
Vernonioside B1: R1 = H, R2 = OH [140]
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Glc |
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8. |
G. kola |
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I-4′,II-4′,I-5,II-5,I-7,II-7-hexahydroxy-I-3,II-8-biflavanone: R1 = H, R2 = H [160]
II-3,I-4′,II-4’,I-5,II-5,I-7,II-7-heptahydroxy-I-3,II8-biflavanone: R1 = H, R2 = OH [160]
II-3, 3′,I-4′,II-4′,I-5,II-5,I-7, II-7-octahydroxy-I-3,II-8-biflavanone: R1 = OH, R2 = OH [160]
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9. |
H. madagascariensis |
Bazouanthrone: R1 = Prenyl, R2 = Prenyl, R3 = OH, R4 = H [146]
Feruginin: R1 = H, R2 = Prenyl, R3 = H, R4 = Prenyl [146]
Harunganin: R1 = H, R2 = Prenyl, R3 = Prenyl, R4 = H [146]
Harunganol A: R1 = H, R2 = H, R3 = Prenyl, R4 = Prenyl [146]
Harunganol B: R1 = H, R2 = H, R3 = Prenyl, R4 = H [146]
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10. |
Okay. africana |
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2β,3β,19α-trihydroxy-urs-12-en28-oic acid [148]
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p-Hydroxycinnamic acid [148]
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11. |
X. aethiopica |
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